U.S. Currency

The basic unit of exchange in the United States is the dollar ($), which is divided into 100 cents (￠). One dollar is commonly written as $1 or $1.00. There are four denominations of commonly used coins: 1 cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, and 25 cents. Americans usually refer to coins, not by their value in cents, but by their names. A one-cent coin is a penny, a five-cent coin is a nickel, a ten-cent coin is a dime, and a 25-cent coin is a quarter. There are also one-dollar coins and half-dollar (50-cent) coins but they are seldom found in circulation.

U.S. paper money (often called bills: for example, a "one-dollar bill") comes in single-bill denominations of one dollar ($1.00), two dollars ($2.00, but these are rare), five dollars ($5.00), ten dollars ($10.00), twenty dollars ($20.00), fifty dollars ($50.00), and one hundred dollars ($100.00). You will immediately notice that, unlike in most other countries, U.S. bills are all the same size and all the same color. They are differentiated from each other by the number value and with the portrait of a different U.S. historical figure on each denomination. At first, you may find this confusing and you will need to watch which bills you use carefully. However, you will become accustomed to the currency and will soon be able to differentiate easily between the denominations. U.S. coins also are marked with the coin's value and each denomination is a different size.

Establishing a Bank Account

One of the first things you should do after you arrive in the United States is establish a bank account. It is not a good idea to carry large sums of cash or to keep it in your room. Most banks have main offices in the center of a city or town. Smaller offices, called "branches," are usually found in other parts of a city or town and in the suburbs. Even if your bank does not have a branch nearby, you often can find automated bank machines to serve your needs. Banks generally are open Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m. On Fridays, many banks stay open a few hours later. Many banks, but not all, are also open on Saturdays, often from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon .

Your international student adviser can suggest which banks are convenient to campus. Remember that banks are private businesses. They are all different and each one wants to get your business. You should check with several banks to determine which bank offers the best services for your needs. When you are ready to open a bank account, go to the "New Accounts" department at the bank you have chosen. A bank officer will help you to open an account by explaining the different kinds of accounts available and the costs and services of each one. You should plan to open both a savings account and a checking (current) account at the same bank, simply because it will be more convenient for you.

For example, if you have a savings account and a checking account in the same bank, you can easily transfer funds from one to the other. Interest rates on savings and checking accounts vary from bank to bank. Investigate and compare various banks and their rates of interests on checking and savings accounts before you decide where to open an account. Internet banks are an alternative option to traditional banks and are another possibility to explore. The best source of information for these will be on the Internet itself.

Checking Accounts

Checking accounts (called current accounts in many countries) are a way to keep your money safe and still allow easy access to it. Checks are an easy way to pay bills, especially by mail. Never send cash through the mail.

Automatic Tellers and 24-Hour Banking

Almost all American banks now offer banking privileges 24 hours a day through "automatic teller machines" or ATMs. When you open an account at a bank, you will be issued a bankcard and a personal identification number (PIN). You will be able to use this card in your bank's ATM to access your account and make transactions. This will enable you to do such things as withdraw and deposit money, transfer funds, and obtain your balance 24 hours a day. Generally, you can also use your bankcard in other banks' ATMs for a small service fee charged against your account, but only for cash withdrawals. Banks often impose limits on amounts that can be withdrawn from the ATM in one day, usually between $200 and $400.

It is now possible in the United States to conduct most of your monetary transactions using only your bankcard. Many stores have systems that permit you to use your bankcard instead of cash to pay for merchandise. In this way, the money is deducted directly from your bank account. Since you are not using cash when paying with your bankcard, however, you should keep track of your account to make sure you are not overspending. It is a good idea to carry a small amount of cash with you at all times anyway, since the automated banking system can break down.

Having a bankcard is very convenient, since it can be used all over the United States and even in other countries connected to the same banking system. Bankcards from other countries can also be used in the United States as long as they function on one of the banking networks used in the United States . Before leaving home, ask your bank if you can use your home country's bankcard in the United States . This is especially useful if, in case of emergency, you need to rapidly get money from home.

Most ATMs also accept credit cards. If you have a credit card but do not use it in ATMs yet, ask the bank that has issued your credit card to allocate a PIN to it. Then you will be able to use your credit card in ATMs. Note, however, that this transaction may be considered a "cash advance" and therefore your credit card company may immediately begin to charge you interest. In some cases, the interest rates for a cash advance may be higher than for credit card purchases.

Cashier's Checks

A cashier's check is a check written for you by your bank. You give the bank the money (or it is taken from your account), and the clerk prepares a cashier's check. Your bank will probably charge a small fee for this service. Usually, cashier's checks are written for large amounts to transfer money from one place to another. A cashier's check is easier to cash than a personal check, and it is safer than carrying a large amount of cash. You do not have to cash a cashier's check at a branch of your bank; it can be cashed at any bank or business that will accept it.

Overdrafts

When you write a check for more money than you have in the bank, you create an "overdraft." For each overdrawn check, the bank will charge you a fine of $10 to $25 or more. The bank will also return your check, unpaid, to the person or business to which you wrote the check. If the payee is a store or business, that payee may also charge you $5 to $20 for the trouble the bad check has caused ? and they may not accept your checks again. It can be very expensive if you fail to keep an accurate, check-by-check record of your account. It is also illegal to issue a "bad" check (a check for which there is not sufficient money in the checking account) on purpose.

Personal Checks

Checks that you write are called "personal" checks. You can use checks instead of money in most stores or businesses in the United States . Usually, you will be asked to present two pieces of identification, including at least one with a photo, before you can use a personal check to make purchases or to obtain cash.

Two-party Check

Checks written by someone else in payment to you are called "two-party" checks. To cash or deposit such a check, you must first endorse (sign) it. Only endorse the check when you are ready to use it since it becomes negotiable ? that is, it can be redeemed for cash ? as soon as it is signed. To endorse a check, turn it over and, on the back across the narrow width, write your name exactly as it is written on the check. This is the bank's or merchant's way of making sure that you really are the person to whom the check was written and the person who should receive the money, either in cash or deposited to your bank account.

Savings Account

If you plan on bringing enough money with you for the entire school year, or even most of the money you will need, you should consider opening a savings account. A savings account usually offers a higher rate of interest than an interest-bearing checking account and allows you to make withdrawals to cover your living expenses. You can withdraw the money in cash or, especially for large amounts, in the form of a "certified" (bank) check. Compare rates offered by several banks to find the best terms and benefits for the type of account you will hold.

Safety Deposit Boxes

Most banks maintain small locked boxes that may be rented by the month or by the year. The contents of the box are known only to the person who holds the key; the bank does not have access, except in case of death. A safety deposit box is a good place to keep valuables such as passports, jewelry, foreign currency you do not want to exchange, and legal papers.

Credit Cards and "Buying on Credit"

The use of credit cards is widespread in the United States . Banks, credit card companies, gas companies, department stores, and other organizations issue credit cards, which can be used to make purchases. Statements are mailed to credit card holders once a month. If the amount due is not paid within a specified number of days, a "finance charge" is added to the bill. Applications for credit cards are available in many banks and stores. Information requested includes the applicant's source and amount of income, length of residence at the present address, and bank information.

Tipping

In the United States , tips (gratuities) are not automatically added to bills, as is customary in some other countries. Even if tipping remains a personal choice, it is usually expected when certain services are provided. You should be aware that the people who commonly receive tips are paid a wage that is lower than those who do not receive tips. They depend upon tips for a significant part, sometimes the majority, of their income. The average tip is usually 15 percent, but it can vary depending on the extent and the quality of the service provided.

Eating Out : The expected tip in a restaurant is 15 or 20 percent in a good restaurant with excellent service. You should leave your tip on the table for the waiter or waitress as you leave. If you pay with a credit card, you can add the tip to the credit card charges before you total the bill. The restaurant then gives that amount in cash to your server. If you sit at a counter in a restaurant, the tip is usually smaller; 10 to 15 percent is sufficient. In a fast-food restaurant, the bill is paid when the food is ordered and no tip is expected. In a cafeteria or a self-service restaurant, you pay the cashier after having chosen your meal and, again, no tip is expected.

NEVER OFFER A TIP to public officials, police officers, or government employees. This is against the law in the United States . There is no need to tip hotel desk clerks, bus drivers, theater ushers, salespeople, flight attendants, or gas station attendants.

Telephones

For convenience and privacy, most students will want to have their own telephones. Almost all dormitories have at least a dorm or a "floor" telephone, which students share. Other dormitories have telephones already installed in the rooms. If there is no room phone, it is permissible to have one installed. Remember that you will be responsible for the telephone bills. If you decide to have a telephone installed in your room, ask the residence adviser of your dormitory for advice. If you live off-campus, you will need a telephone not only for convenience but also for safety. Ask your international student adviser for advice on how to get a phone installed in your home or apartment. When you get a phone line installed, you will have to buy your own phone and pay for installation charges and perhaps a deposit (to ensure that you will pay your telephone bills). You will be billed monthly for use of the telephone, usually a flat fee for local service (depending on the kind of service you have) plus extra charges for long distance calls. These costs vary from area to area in the United States . Every telephone customer receives a copy of the telephone directory for the area and a new copy each time the directory is revised and updated. There are usually three parts to the telephone directory, named after the color of their pages:

• The white pages are in front of the telephone book. Listed here, alphabetically by last name, are the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all subscribers, both individuals and businesses, in the immediate telephone area, except for those subscribers who do not wish to have such information listed. Some large cities divide the white pages in two sections, one for residence listings and one for business listings.
• The yellow pages are in the back part of the phone book or, in large cities, in a separate book. The yellow pages list companies, organizations, and services, alphabetically and by category. There is an index of categories in the yellow pages. Under each category are listings of firms that provide that service. The yellow pages can be very useful if you are looking for a particular business or service.
• Some larger cities also have blue pages for city, county, state, and federal government listings.

Telephone numbers in the United States have 10 digits, including a seven-digit set of numbers that is the prime telephone number. Preceding the seven-digit number is the three-digit "area code." The area code serves a wide region, often a large part of a state. Usually you need to dial the area code only if the number is in an area with a code different than your own. However, some more populated areas now have more than one area code and require you to dial both the area code and prime telephone number even if you live in the same city. If you need a telephone number and you cannot find it in the telephone book, you can call "directory assistance" by dialing the number given in the front part of the phone book. In most areas, the number is "411." If the number you want is an "unlisted" number, the directory assistance operator is not allowed to give it to you. Most telephone companies allow each customer to make a certain number of free directory assistance calls per month. After that number is reached, you will be charged a fee for each additional call.

Emergency Numbers

It is very important to write down emergency numbers (fire, police, doctors, paramedics, campus emergency numbers, and so on) and to keep them near your telephone. Emergency numbers are given in the front part of the telephone book, though sometimes there are several districts for fire, police, and paramedic services (often called the rescue squad). Be sure that you have the correct emergency numbers to serve you if you need help, and keep these numbers posted near or taped to your telephone.

In many communities in the United States , when you need police, the fire department, or paramedics in an emergency situation, you simply dial "911." Once you have dialed 911, the operator will ask you what the emergency is, ask for your address, and then summon the appropriate help. Most of the time, the operator will stay on the line and give you support or advice until help arrives. It is very important to call 911 only in an emergency situation, and it is illegal to use it otherwise.

Some people believe that if you dial "0" in an emergency, the operator will call for help. This is not true. Often the telephone operator who processes your calls is kilometers ? perhaps several hundred kilometers ? away. In an emergency, you need local help and should contact 911 for help as quickly as possible.

Long Distance Telephone Calls

There are several types of long distance telephone calls. Generally, when you call someone long distance in the United States , you dial "1," the area code, and then the seven-digit telephone number. Various rates are charged for long distance calls, depending on the time of day, length of call, the type of call, and the long distance company you use. Be sure to note when rates are lowest, usually weekends, holidays, and at night. You can find information on long distance costs and procedures in the front part of the telephone book.

Long distance service is a big business in the United States . When you connect with the local telephone company, you will be automatically connected to their long distance service or you may be given a choice of companies. You will likely also get calls from representatives of private long distance companies offering you all types of deals, rebates, or special packages. Depending on your needs, sometimes these private long distance companies can save you considerable amounts of money. Take into consideration what these companies offer you, compare it to what your local phone company offers, and take your long distance calling needs into consideration. Ask your international student adviser for advice on private long distance companies if you are not sure which would be best for you.

Below are some of the types of long distance calls you can make in the United States .

Direct-Dialed Call : A call dialed directly, without operator assistance. It is the least expensive and most common type of long distance call.

Person-to-Person Call : An operator-assisted call in which the operator connects you directly with the person with whom you wish to speak. Charges are per minute and begin when the operator puts the person you want to speak with on the line. This service is more expensive than a direct-dialed call, but it might be necessary if you need to contact people who are difficult to reach or if you are calling a country where telephone service is sporadic. The extent to which some countries accept person-to-person calls from the United States may depend on the availability of telephone services, on the telecommunications technology, or on the governmental regime in place.

Collect Call : An operator-assisted call for which the charges are billed to the person you are calling. If you place a collect call, the operator will ask you your name and then ask the person you are calling whether he or she will "accept the charges," that is, allow the cost of the call to be put on his or her telephone bill.

Third-Party Call : A call made from a telephone other than your own for which the operator transfers the charges from the telephone you are using to your own phone number. If, however, the telephone you are using is a pay telephone rather than a personal phone, the operator must verbally verify the charges, so someone must be at your home to answer the telephone. The operator will call your phone number and someone will have to answer your phone and verbally accept the charges for the third-party call to be completed. The charges will then be billed to your home phone number. Most telephone companies now issue "calling cards" for their users. With a special identification number, you can have all long distance calls you make from telephones other than your own charged automatically to your bill, without having the operator call home for confirmation.

"800," "866," "877," or "888" Calls : These are calls made to toll-free numbers. When you call a number that begins with either of these area codes, the charges are paid by the business you are calling as a courtesy to its customers.

Calls to Foreign Countries

It is possible to dial direct to almost all foreign countries from the United States, and direct dialing is less expensive than placing calls through the operator. To get an international line, you must first dial "011," then the country code, city code, and telephone number you wish to reach. International country and city codes, rates to some countries, time differences, and further directions for placing international calls are given in the front part of the telephone book. You can also make operator-assisted calls, person-to-person calls, and collect calls to foreign countries by dialing "0" for the operator. Dial the operator if you:

• need a country or city code not listed in the telephone book under "international direct dialing";
• need help in completing an international call;

Cellular or Mobile Phones

Cellular phones are widely available in the United States, and most mobile phones purchased in other countries will not work in the United States. If you wish to have a cellular phone, it is best to get one after you arrive. Many types of phones and a number of service providers are available in most places, so investigate to find those that best suit your needs. Many cell phone companies provide free long distance.

Phone Cards

Many supermarkets and convenience stores sell pre-paid phone cards for specific dollar amounts ($5, $10, $20) that charge a small connection fee, then provide inexpensive long distance service. Prices vary by provider, but it is possible to call other countries for as little as 4 cents per minute; choose the card that provides the best rate for the country you wish to call.

Public ("Pay") Phones

These telephones can be found in many locations in commercial areas. Directions for making calls are printed on the telephone. You usually need to insert 35 to 50 cents to make a local call. Most telephone companies now sell debit cards. When you buy the card, you pay a certain amount that is recorded into the card's computer chip or magnetic strip. Afterwards, you can use this card in public telephones until the balance is depleted.

Internet and E-mail Services

At most U.S. colleges and universities, you will be assigned, upon request, a free e-mail address. In some cases, Internet services are also free. Generally, U.S. colleges and universities have several computer rooms where you can check your e-mail, use the Internet, or use various software programs. Because of the popularity of these services, you might have to stand in line to get access to a computer terminal.

If you want Internet and e-mail services to be connected to your home computer, there are many possible alternatives. As a student, you can get a dial-up connection from your home computer to your university's server at a discount or, possibly, for free. Some universities even have network connections available in all dorm rooms. Contact your university's Information Technology (IT) Services Office for more information. Private computer service companies, local telephone companies, and some television cable companies also offer home Internet connections. These private Internet suppliers can be more expensive to use, but their services and connection quality might be better. If you are unsure what to do, ask your international student adviser for advice on home Internet connections.

Telegraph

With the Internet and the ever-increasing computerization of telecommunications, older methods of communication such as telegraph and telegram are less and less accessible in the United States. If you do want to send a telegram or a telex message, look in the yellow pages of the phone book for "Telegraph Service." Once you select a company, call and tell the operator the name and address (including the country) of the person to whom you are sending the telegram; then, dictate the message. The number of words in the message and the distance it must be sent will determine the charges. Telegrams or telexes can be charged to your telephone number or you can ask the operator to send you a bill.

Mailing Address

Before you leave home, give your correct mailing address in the United States to family and friends who will be writing to you. If you do not know the address of your American residence before you leave home, have letters sent in care of your international student adviser. Inform people of your permanent address as soon as you can. Be sure to include the "zip code." A zip code is a five-digit number identifying the postal zone in which the address lies. Some private citizens, businesses, and organizations use more precise, nine-digit zip codes. For example, the zip code for the U.S. immigration service district office in Helena, Montana, is 59626-0036.

Whenever you change addresses while you are in the United States, you should go to the nearest post office and fill out the following:

• Immigration Service Address Report: Each time you change your address, report your new address to the U.S. Immigration service on form AR-11 within 10 days from the date you move. This form can be downloaded from the World Wide Web at http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/formsfee/forms/ar-11.htm. Also report all changes of address to your international student adviser.
• Change of Address Card: The post office has change of address cards for the forwarding of your mail if you move. The post office will forward (send) to your new address all mail addressed to your old address and will continue this service for 12 months after the date the change of address card is filed. This service is free.

Post Offices

Telephone numbers of post offices are listed in the blue pages of the telephone directory under "United States Government ? U.S. Postal Service." Some city directories also list local post offices under a separate number for "Information" or "Customer Service."

Every city has a main post office, and larger cities have several full-service branch post offices and small, minimum-service substations, as well. Substations often are located in drugstores or other places of business. Many universities also have substations or other small, minimum-service post offices on campus. These facilities sell stamps and provide basic services like mailing packages to addresses in the United States. Although you cannot send a registered letter or mail packages to foreign countries from these small substations, you can go to a full-service post office or branch office off-campus to do these things. Regular post office hours are usually from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, and 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon on Saturday. Substations have the same hours as the business in which they are located. Most post offices deliver mail once a day, except on Sundays and federal holidays.

Post Office Boxes

Most post offices have small combination lock boxes that can be rented to receive your mail. There is a nominal charge for rental, which varies from city to city. To apply for a post office box (usually called a "P.O. Box"), go to the nearest regular post office; bring with you some piece of identification that has your address on it, such as a state driver's license. If there are no post office boxes available, your name will be put on a waiting list. When you are assigned a post office box, you will be given the combination of the lock. Mail can then be sent to you at the post office where your PO box is located. Be sure to tell correspondents to address letters to your name, PO Box number, station (if needed), city, state, and zip code. Mail is delivered to post office boxes as it is sorted. Post office lobbies (where boxes are located) usually are open 24 hours a day, every day of the week; however, some lobbies are closed on Sundays. If you rent a PO box, you will be given complete information by the post office where the box is located.

Postal Rates

Postal rates for mailing letters and packages change occasionally and changes are well advertised. Rate sheets can be obtained from local post offices, or you can access the U.S. Postal Service's rates calculator web page at http://postcalc.usps.gov/. There are a number of options and types of services available.

Airmail : Delivery by air usually is recommended for mail going across the country and outside the United States. Letters and postcards to overseas addresses can be sent by surface mail for less, but it takes much longer (for example, six to eight weeks to Europe), and the cost difference is so small that airmail is always recommended.

Aerogrammes : These are special, prestamped letter sheets that fold for addressing and mailing. They are made especially for correspondence to other countries. They are inexpensive and convenient.

Certified Mail : This service ensures that the recipient receives your letter; it requires that you pay an extra fee. If you want a return card signed by the recipient as proof that it has been received, there is an additional charge. It is a good idea to send applications and other important papers to U.S. addresses by certified mail. Certified mail cannot be sent abroad.

Registered Mail : This service is the most secure means of delivering valuable mail both in the United States and abroad. You receive proof of mailing, and the handling of the registered material is closely controlled from the point of mailing to the point of delivery. The cost varies with the value of the article being sent. For an additional fee, a return receipt can be obtained, showing proof of delivery. Insurance may be purchased for up to $25,000 coverage against loss or damage. Registered mail service is available to most foreign countries.

Book Rate : You can send books in the United States and to most countries at a reduced rate as long as the package contains only books.

Direct Mail Sack : This is an even cheaper way to send a large number of books. The books are put into a large canvas mailbag and the bag is tagged and sent.

There are size and weight limitations for sending packages through the U.S. mail. Ask at the post office about rates and regulations. Use boxes or padded mailing envelopes for packing, and seal them well with a good packing tape. Do not wrap packages in paper and do not tie them with twine.

If you wish to send packages to foreign countries, fill out customs forms that the postal clerk will give to you. Be prepared to list the contents and to give the value of each item. If the package weighs less than two pounds (0.9 kilos), ask about a special, cheaper "small package" airmail rate.

Many private or commercial firms offer normal or express mailing services through a variety of delivery options. Usually these firms will prepare packages for mailing for an additional fee. Prices and services offered vary greatly, so it is worth doing a bit of research before choosing one firm over another.

Postal Money Orders

Money orders (a safe way to send money through the mail) can be purchased at the post office. There is a small fee, depending on the value of the money order. For more information on the postal service in the United States, consult the U.S. Postal Service's Web site at http://www.usps.gov.

Adjusting to Your New Home

When traveling abroad, you always have to be ready for extreme or unfamiliar conditions. You might have an upset stomach or other digestive problems in the first few days as your body gets adapted to the climate and the food. It is even common to catch a cold. You may also have trouble adapting to the altitude if you are going to a mountainous area. Even the most seasoned travelers and the fittest athletes have to deal with these problems when they leave their country. These discomforts can, however, be controlled. Here are a few tips to help you adjust.

• Take it easy for the first few days or a week. Your body will need to rest if it is to adapt to local conditions.
• Get enough sleep.
• Wash your hands often and avoid rubbing your eyes in order not to come in contact and be infected with various viruses.
• Medication for headaches, colds, upset stomach, minor injuries, and other ailments is readily available in the United States. It is not always advisable to bring medication from home into the United States since some restrictions apply. The pharmacist at any drugstore can assist you in finding medication for your needs.
• If you are going to a warm area, wear a hat on sunny days to avoid sunstroke, use sunscreen to protect your skin against sunburn, and drink a lot of liquids (nonalcoholic and without caffeine) to prevent dehydration.
• Contact your international student adviser to find the location of the nearest medical clinic. Most universities maintain a health clinic on campus.

Campus Health Clinics

Most colleges and universities in the United States have a clinic, an infirmary, or some other form of health care service for students, though usually not for their families. The "health fee" the student pays each term goes toward providing such services. Therefore, the services provided are often free or offered at a greatly reduced cost. Usually, however, university health services are limited to minor and emergency care. In case of a serious health problem, the university normally refers the student to a medical facility in the community, and the student, or his or her insurance, pays the costs. Your college or university should send you materials that discuss health care services and fees involved. If you do not receive such material, be sure to write and ask your international student adviser for this information before you leave your home country.

Family Medical Care

If you are traveling with your spouse and/or family, you will need to find another source for medical care. Care for the family is available from doctors in private medical practice or through community medical clinics. It is a good idea to establish a relationship with a doctor shortly after you arrive in the United States so you will have ready access to medical care if you, your spouse, or your children should become ill.

Family doctors (also called "primary care physicians" or "general practitioners") provide medical care for the whole family, as well as deliver babies. Many doctors specialize in family-related areas. For example, obstetricians specialize in prenatal care and deliver babies. Often, an obstetrician is also a gynecologist, a specialist who treats women. Pediatricians care for infants and children. Family doctors often refer patients to specialists for treatment of particular conditions. Ask friends, the student health service, or the international student adviser for recommendations of doctors in your community. When you telephone for an appointment, ask how much the doctor charges for services. Make sure you know which medical services your health insurance covers and which it does not. For more information on types of health care plans and health insurance, read the section on "Health Insurance."

Public Transportation

Public transportation in the United States varies significantly from city to city. Several of the major U.S. cities have a dependable, comprehensive system. Others have very little public transport. Depending on where you live in relation to your college or university campus, public transportation can be the simplest, least expensive, and most reliable way to get to school. If you live on campus, you may find that you rarely need to get any place that you cannot walk to; therefore, basic public transportation may be sufficient. Make sure you get acquainted with your area's most convenient form of public transportation. You can usually get a map of the transit network at bus stops, at subway or tramway stops, at the public transportation office, at some gas stations, or from your university's information bureau. Many cities also have public transportation information available on the Internet.

If you plan to live off-campus and will not have access to a car, make sure you know how frequently your street or area is served by public transportation, the times of scheduled stops, and the price of travel. Take the price of transportation into account when deciding where to live since it can affect your budget considerably. If you need to take public transportation daily, it is recommended that you get a monthly pass to save on transport expenses. These passes are available at the public transportation office in your city and often in other locations such as drugstores or post offices.

Automobiles

It may seem to you that everyone in the United States has a car and that everyone needs one. Certainly, cars can be convenient, but they can also be very expensive to buy and maintain. Some things about them can be inconvenient, such as parking and upkeep. Some universities may not allow first-year undergraduate students to keep a car on campus due to limited parking space.

If you decide to buy a car, take your time and look for deals on good cars for less money. Research the cars you are considering to be certain they are safe and reliable. You can purchase magazines that will assist you with your research. When shopping for a car, bring along someone who is knowledgeable about cars and how they are sold in the United States. Most car dealers will negotiate prices with the customer, so this will be a good time to practice your bargaining skills or show your expertise.

The total cost of the car will depend on: the age of the car; the options you choose (air conditioning, automatic or manual transmission, power brakes and steering, and so on); and on the brand or "make." Look at different brands and models, and compare prices and the cost of options.

Used cars are less expensive than new cars. Of course, if the car is older there is a risk of problems and repair costs. Used cars are sometimes advertised on bulletin boards on campus and in newspapers, or you can go to a used car lot. Even though the cost is almost always higher, many people prefer to buy a used car from a dealer because there is usually a 30- to 90-day "warranty" on the car. A warranty is a guarantee to repair any problems that arise within the warranty period.

To get a better idea of what you should pay for certain used car models, consult with the Kelley Blue Book on-line at http://www.kbb.com.

When buying a used car, you should be able to obtain the owner's permission to take the car to a garage (one not associated with the seller) to be thoroughly checked before you decide to buy it. Mechanics usually charge for this service, but this is a good investment if it saves you from buying a car in bad condition. If you purchase the car from a dealer, there should be a warranty on the car and, therefore, no reason to take it to a mechanic.

When you complete the purchase of a used car, be sure that you get from the previous owner the documents ("title" or transfer of ownership papers, antismog certification, and so on) required by the department of motor vehicles in the state where you buy the car. Before you buy any car, contact the department of motor vehicles in your state to find out about state requirements for owning a car.

You can either pay the total cost of a car when you purchase it or you can sometimes finance it ("buy it on time" or "buy it on credit"). Financing costs vary greatly, but they can add 20 to 30 percent to the purchase price. Before signing any papers committing you to buy the car, be sure that you understand all the details of the sale.

Getting a Driver's License and Obeying Traffic Laws : If you plan to drive in the United States, you must have a valid driver's license. It is a good idea to get a driver's license issued in the state where you will live, since some states do not recognize an international driver's license. Even those that do recognize an international license will accept it for only one year after you arrive in the United States. Check with the local office of the state motor vehicles department to get information on obtaining a state driver's license.

It is important to learn and obey traffic laws and to understand that they are enforced. People who break these laws can receive fines, jail sentences, and/or the loss of driving privileges. All laws that govern driver's licenses and all traffic laws are made by each state. There are variations from state to state. When you apply for a driver's license, you will be given a book with all the traffic laws of the state in it. Learn these laws and obey them. In fact, you will be required to pass a written test on these laws to get a license. You also may be required to pass a driving, or "road," test before you are granted a license.

Automobile Insurance : In most of the United States, automobile insurance is mandatory, but the amount of coverage required varies from state to state. If a car is not insured, the owner of the car is financially responsible for any accidents or damage connected with the car. Also, legal problems resulting from an accident can be complicated and very costly. Therefore, it is very important to have at least the minimum amount of insurance coverage. Ask your international student adviser about state requirements and for advice on purchasing automobile insurance.

Renting a Car : There are certain requirements and restrictions connected with renting a car. For example, many agencies require that individuals be at least 25 years old to rent a car. Some will allow drivers who are younger, but for an additional fee. If you want to rent a car, telephone or visit a rental car agency. Most agencies are listed in the telephone directory's yellow pages. Ask for information, procedures, and rates.

Bicycles

On many U.S. campuses and in many communities, bicycles provide useful, inexpensive, and convenient transportation. Many communities also have bicycle clubs that schedule group outings and competitive races. Bicycle shops often sell new and used bicycles. Notices of used bicycles for sale sometimes are posted by students on bulletin boards and in classified advertising sections in the school or community newspaper.

Some universities and some city police departments require that bicycles be licensed. Ask your international student adviser about regulations and traffic rules for bicycles on campus and in the community.

Always lock your bicycle when you leave it, even for a few minutes, as, unfortunately, it can be a popular target for thieves. You can get advice on a secure locking system and on safety precautions from a bicycle shop.

Motorcycles

Motorcycles and other two-wheeled vehicles with motors are another relatively inexpensive form of transportation. Most states require that these vehicles be registered and that their drivers be licensed. Most states also require drivers to wear protective helmets.

In addition, many universities and colleges require that motorcycles and similar vehicles be registered with the campus security office. Some institutions require that motorcycles have effective devices to muffle the loud engine noise. Motorcycles usually must be parked in spaces designated for two-wheeled vehicles.

Airlines

The United States has several major national airlines as well as many regional carriers. Because of the competition between airlines, you may find that airfares are surprisingly low, particularly when airlines offer sales. You can book tickets directly with the airlines, through a travel agent, or through the Internet. There are several popular websites that can help you find the lowest fare for the trip you wish to make. Try http://www.expedia.com or http://www.travelocity.com.

Trains

Amtrak, the U.S. national rail carrier, offers a USA Rail Pass to permanent residents of foreign countries, but it must be purchased outside the United States. The pass entitles you to unlimited travel for one predetermined price for a specified number of days. For information, contact a travel agency.

Buses

Bus travel is often the least expensive way to travel in the United States and provides excellent opportunities for seeing the country. Reservations are not required, but if you are considering traveling or touring by bus, you should try to make arrangements with a travel agent before you leave home. The major bus company serving the United States is the Greyhound Bus Company. Greyhound sometimes has special fares for touring the United States and it also has a special touring fare called Ameripass, available for travel anywhere in the United States. It may be purchased in the United States. Contact a travel agency for more information.

Also consider the possibilities below when planning leisure travel:

• Most American transport companies (airlines, buses, and trains) offer special travel deals for foreigners. The offer is usually for travel anywhere in the country for a set fee and a certain number of days. Usually, the ticket must be bought before entering the United States. Contact your travel agent before leaving home to find out about these special tickets.
• International students often get together to travel and share the costs of renting a car and staying in hotels. You probably will not be the only person who will want to see more of the United States. Make sure you choose your travel companions well for your own security and comfort.

Personal Safety

Unfortunately, as everywhere else in the world, there is crime in the United States. You should be especially careful until you know the campus and are familiar with the community. Every town has unsafe areas, and you should find out where these are as soon as possible. Every college and university employs police officers or security personnel to help keep the campus safe. If you are not given security guidelines during your orientation program, go to your international student adviser or the campus security office for information. Ask about safety on your campus and in the community and what you should do to ensure your personal safety. Remember that good judgment, precaution, and common sense can significantly reduce chances of having an unpleasant and possibly harmful experience.

Basic safety rules include the following:

• In some areas it is not safe to walk alone at night. Always ask someone to accompany you if you are unsure about going somewhere on your own. Some universities offer accompaniment services for people who have to walk home after classes or from the library in the evening. Ask your international student adviser if your university offers such services.
• When you leave your dormitory room, apartment, or automobile, make certain that all doors and windows are locked. Never leave valuables, especially cash or credit cards, sitting in the open, even if the door is locked.
• Do not carry large amounts of cash with you or wear jewelry of great value.
• Never accept a ride from a stranger. Do not hitchhike or pick up hitchhikers.
• Be careful with your purse or wallet, especially in crowded metropolitan areas where there are purse-snatchers and pickpockets. Other attractive personal property, such as cameras, stereos, computers, and bicycles, should be locked in a safe place when you are not around. Be careful with your belongings.
• If a robber threatens you at home or on the street, try not to resist unless you feel that your life is in danger and you must fight or run away. Do not fight back as this might provoke your attacker to cause you harm. Remain calm and observe as much as possible about the robber. Report this crime to the police right away and give your best description of the attacker.
• For more information on campus safety and security, see http://campussafety.org/.

Clubs

Clubs are an excellent way to meet people who share your interests, to make friends, to learn new things, and to have fun. There are student organizations for almost every interest and purpose, from the academic to the purely social. Usually you can get a list of campus clubs and organizations from the International Students Office or from your university's Web page. If you are interested in the activities of a certain club, attend a meeting. If there are many international students at the university, there will undoubtedly be an international club.

Cultural Activities

You will find many cultural activities on a university campus. Events such as plays, concerts, films, lectures, and art exhibitions are advertised in school publications and on bulletin boards on campus. If the university is located in or near a metropolitan area, you will find many more opportunities advertised in the entertainment and arts section of the city's newspaper.

Sports

Sports are a favorite pastime in the United States . Many people regularly engage in individual sports, such as tennis, jogging, swimming, and skiing, or in team sports like baseball, soccer, ice hockey, and volleyball. Cities often have organized sports tournaments for amateurs.

Almost all colleges and universities have intercollegiate football, baseball, basketball, swimming, and other teams that compete with teams from other schools. These teams often compete at a very high level and attract a large crowd of student supporters and other fans. Even if you are unfamiliar with U.S. sports, you should attend at least one sporting event. It is a lot of fun simply to be part of the crowd. Ask someone to explain the action to you. The spirit and excitement of the games are a large part of campus life.

Most colleges and universities also offer intramural sporting teams or competitions, where all teams are made up of your fellow students. Intramural sports are usually at a less competitive level than the intercollegiate teams and are often open to anyone with an interest in the sport. This can be a great way to meet people, to exercise, and to help reduce the stress of your studies.

Schools for Children

In the United States , education is the responsibility of each state. All states require that children attend school from age six to 16 years, or in some states, until they graduate from high school. Most schools also have a kindergarten program for five-year-olds. By U.S. federal law, public schools must provide education from kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) free of charge to all students, both U.S. citizens and noncitizens who meet the residency rules established by the individual school district. However, there is one exception. A specific federal statute bars public schools that teach kindergarten through 8th grade (K-8) from issuing I-20 forms to students who wish to obtain F-1 visas to enroll. However, dependents of adult F-1 visa holders (dependents usually hold F-2 visas) ARE eligible to enroll in these public schools.